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1 ♦ essentially
♦ essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəlɪ/avv.1 essenzialmente; fondamentalmente: an essentially agricultural society, una società fondamentalmente agricola2 in sostanza; sostanzialmente: essentially correct, sostanzialmente esatto; So what you're essentially saying is that…, insomma, quello che stai dicendo in sostanza è che… -
2 essentially
adverb (basically: She is an essentially selfish person.) esencialmente, básicamentetr[ɪ'senʃəlɪ]1 esencialmente, fundamentalmenteadv.• esencialmente adv.ɪ'sentʃəli, ɪ'senʃəliadverb esencialmente, fundamentalmente; (indep) en lo esencial, esencialmente[ɪ'senʃǝlɪ]ADV1) (=at bottom) básicamenteessentially, it is a story of ordinary people — básicamente, es una historia de gente normal
she was essentially a generous person — era básicamente or en esencia una persona generosa
2) (=on the whole) en lo esencial, en lo fundamentalessentially, we agree — estamos de acuerdo en lo esencial or fundamental
his theory is essentially correct — su teoría es correcta en lo esencial, fundamentalmente or en lo fundamental su teoría es correcta
* * *[ɪ'sentʃəli, ɪ'senʃəli]adverb esencialmente, fundamentalmente; (indep) en lo esencial, esencialmente -
3 essentially
adverb* * ** * *es·sen·tial·ly[ɪˈsen(t)ʃəli]adv inv1. (basically) im Grunde [genommen] [o Prinzip] [o Wesentlichen]to be \essentially correct im Großen und Ganzen richtig sein\essentially I need to know... ich muss vor allem wissen,...* * *[I'senSəlI]adv(= fundamentally) im Wesentlichen; (= basically, at heart) im Grunde genommenessentially, they are saying that... — im Wesentlichen sagen sie, dass...
she was an essentially good woman — im Grunde genommen war sie eine gute Frau
* * *essentially [-ʃəlı] adv1. im Wesentlichen, in der Hauptsache2. im Grunde3. not essentially nicht unbedingt* * *adverb* * *adv.essentiell adv.essenziell adv. n.wesentlich adv. -
4 essentially
to be \essentially correct im Großen und Ganzen richtig sein2) ( mainly) hauptsächlich, in erster Linie;\essentially I need to know... ich muss vor allem wissen,... -
5 essentially
essentially [ɪˈsen∫əlɪ][correct] essentiellement• things will remain essentially the same pour l'essentiel, les choses ne changeront pas* * *[ɪ'senʃəlɪ]1) ( basically) essentiellementessentially, it's an old argument — en fait, c'est une vieille discussion
3) ( more or less) [correct, true] en gros -
6 essentially
1 ( basically) essentiellement ; essentially, it's an old argument en fait, c'est une vieille discussion ;2 ( emphatic) ( above all) avant tout ; our role is essentially supervisory nous jouons avant tout un rôle de surveillance ;3 ( more or less) [correct, true] en gros. -
7 essentially
[ɪ'senʃəlɪ]1) (basically) essenzialmente, fondamentalmente, in fondoessentially, it's an old argument — in fondo, è una vecchia discussione
2) (emphatic) (above all) soprattutto3) (more or less) [correct, true] grossomodo* * *adverb (basically: She is an essentially selfish person.) essenzialmente* * *[ɪ'senʃəlɪ]1) (basically) essenzialmente, fondamentalmente, in fondoessentially, it's an old argument — in fondo, è una vecchia discussione
2) (emphatic) (above all) soprattutto3) (more or less) [correct, true] grossomodo -
8 formally correct, but essentially sheer mockery
Пословица: формально правильно, а по сути издевательствоУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > formally correct, but essentially sheer mockery
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9 по существу правильный
По существу правильный-- The early model of junction growth was relatively crude but later models using modern theories of plasticity show that it is essentially correct.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > по существу правильный
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10 rectificar
v.1 to rectify, to correct.Ella rectificó sus acciones She rectified her actions.2 to improve.3 to put right.4 to mend one's words, to mend what was said, to rectify.María rectificó Mary mended her words.5 to purify, to refine.Ellos rectificaron el aceite They purified the oil.* * *1 to rectify2 (corregir) to correct3 AUTOMÓVIL to straighten up1 to correct oneself* * *1. VT1) (=corregir) to rectify, correct; [+ cálculo] to correct; [+ conducta] to change, reform2) (=enderezar) to straighten, straighten out3) (Mec) to rectify; [+ cilindro] to rectify, rebore4) (Culin) to add2.VI to correct o.s.-no, eran cuatro, -rectificó — "no," he said, correcting himself, "there were four"
rectifique, por favor — please see that this is put right
* * *1.verbo transitivo1) < persona> to correct; <información/error> to correct, rectify (frml)2) <carretera/trazado> to straighten2.rectificar vi ( corregirse) to correct oneself* * *= rectify.Ex. The 1949 code was essentially a greater elaboration of the 1908 code in an attempt to rectify the omissions of the 1908 code.----* rectificar la descompensación = redress + imbalance, redress + the balance.* rectificar la diferencia = redress + imbalance, redress + the balance.* rectificar una situación = rectify + situation.* rectificar un error = rectify + failure.* * *1.verbo transitivo1) < persona> to correct; <información/error> to correct, rectify (frml)2) <carretera/trazado> to straighten2.rectificar vi ( corregirse) to correct oneself* * *= rectify.Ex: The 1949 code was essentially a greater elaboration of the 1908 code in an attempt to rectify the omissions of the 1908 code.
* rectificar la descompensación = redress + imbalance, redress + the balance.* rectificar la diferencia = redress + imbalance, redress + the balance.* rectificar una situación = rectify + situation.* rectificar un error = rectify + failure.* * *rectificar [A2 ]vtA (corregir) ‹persona› to correct; ‹información/comentario/error› to correct, rectify ( frml)rectifícame si me equivoco correct me if I am wrongB ‹carretera/trazado› to straightenC ( Elec) to rectify■ rectificarvi1 (corregirse) to correct oneself-los soviéticos, es decir, los rusos -rectificó the Soviets, or rather the Russians, he corrected himself2 ( Coc):revolver bien y rectificar de sal si hiciese falta stir well and add more salt o adjust the seasoning if necessary* * *
rectificar ( conjugate rectificar) verbo transitivo
to correct
verbo intransitivo ( corregirse) to correct oneself
rectificar verbo transitivo
1 (un error, un defecto) to rectify, correct
2 (una conducta) to change, reform
3 (una declaración) to modify
4 (a alguien) to correct
' rectificar' also found in these entries:
English:
climb down
- rectify
* * *rectificar vt1. [error] to rectify, to correct2. [conducta, actitud] to improve3. [ajustar] to put right4. Elec to rectify* * *v/t1 error correct, rectify2 camino straighten* * *rectificar {72} vt1) : to rectify, to correct2) : to straighten (out)* * *rectificar vb1. (error) to correct2. (conducta) to improve / to change -
11 substantially
adverb sustancialmentetr[səb'stænʃəlɪ]1 (solidly) sólidamente2 (considerably) de manera considerable; (noticeably) notablemente, sustancialmente3 (essentially) esencialmente, fundamentalmente; (largely, mainly) en gran partesubstantially [səb'stænʧəli] adv: considerablementeadv.• substancialmente adv.səb'stæntʃəlia) ( considerably) <change/progress/decrease> de manera sustancial or considerableb) ( essentially) básicamente, sustancialmente[sǝb'stænʃǝlɪ]ADV1) (=significantly) [increase, change, contribute] sustancialmente, considerablementea substantially different approach — un enfoque sustancialmente or considerablemente distinto
substantially higher/lower — bastante más alto/bajo
2) (=largely) [correct, true] básicamente* * *[səb'stæntʃəli]a) ( considerably) <change/progress/decrease> de manera sustancial or considerableb) ( essentially) básicamente, sustancialmente -
12 Computers
The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)[Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers
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13 формально правильно, а по сути издевательство
Set phrase: formally correct, but essentially sheer mockeryУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > формально правильно, а по сути издевательство
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14 лишь
(= только) only, as soon as, merely, solely, but, nothing but, little more than, not until• В основном, имеется лишь один способ, чтобы... - There is essentially only one way to...• Данное ограничение принимается лишь исключительно для удобства. - This restriction is adopted only for reasons of convenience.• Используемое здесь приближение справедливо лишь для... - The approximation used here is valid only for...• Мы заинтересованы лишь в (== Мы исследуем лишь)... - We are interested only in...• Мы можем упомянуть лишь несколько из... - We can touch on only a few of the...• Мы увидим, что эти методы могут использоваться лишь тогда, когда... - It will be observed that these methods are only applicable when...• На самом деле мы заинтересованы лишь в... - We are actually only interested in...• На самом деле мы лишь показали, что... - We have in fact only shown that...• Необходимо лишь... - It is merely necessary to...; It is only necessary to...• Однако это всего лишь (= просто) вопрос удобства, а никак не... - But this is merely a matter of convenience, and is not...• Очевидно, что выполнение соотношения(= равенства) (1) возможно лишь (только) тогда, когда... - The fulfillment of (1), clearly, is possible only if...• Последнее приближение справедливо лишь если... - The last approximation is valid only if...• Сейчас мы рассмотрим лишь... - At present we shall consider only...• Это доказывает лишь то, что... - This proves only that...• Это могло бы лишь означать, что... - This could only mean that...• Этот аргумент верен лишь тогда, когда... - This argument is only correct when...• Этот результат полезен лишь тогда, когда... - This result is useful only when... -
15 рассуждение
(= аргументация) reasoning, argument• Более совершенным рассуждением можно показать, что... - By a more refined argument it can be shown that...• В меньшей степени подобные рассуждения приложимы для/к... - То a lesser extent, similar considerations hold for...• В общем случае рассуждение становится строгим, если использовать... - For the general case the argument is made precise by use of...• Второе заключение может быть доказано подобным рассуждением. - The second conclusion can be proved by a similar argument.• Далее рассуждения осложняются тем обстоятельством, что... - Matters are complicated further by the fact that...• Дальнейшие рассуждения затем привели бы к идее... - Further argument would then lead to the idea of...• Данная последовательность рассуждений подобна той, что... - The chain of reasoning is similar to that of...• Данное рассуждение можно одинаково хорошо применить к/в... - The argument can be applied equally well to...• Данное рассуждение можно провести в обратном порядке, следовательно... - The argument is reversible so that...• Данное рассуждение повторяет предыдущее, за исключением того, что... - The argument proceeds as before, except that...• Данные рассуждения зависят от справедливости... - These arguments depend on the validity of...• Здесь требуется более тонкое (= сложное) рассуждение. - A more subtle argument is required.• Используя те же самые рассуждения, мы находим... - Using precisely the same reasoning, we find...• Легкое изменение приведенного выше рассуждения показывает, что... - A slight modification of the above reasoning shows that...• Мы будем часто иллюстрировать наши рассуждения с помощью... - We shall often illustrate our arguments by...• Мы могли бы применить эти рассуждения, например, к/в... - We may apply these considerations, for example, to...• Мы могли бы продолжить это рассуждение дальше. - We may take this argument further.• Мы могли бы продолжить это рассуждение и заключить, что... - We may continue this argument and so deduce that...• Мы не приводим это рассуждение со всеми подробностями по следующим причинам. - We do not present this argument in detail for the following reasons.• Мы ограничим наши рассуждения случаем... - We shall restrict our considerations to the case of...• Наши рассуждения в предыдущем параграфе могли бы привести нас к предположению, что... - Our work in the previous section might lead us to suspect that...• Несколько иное рассуждение показывает, что... - A slightly different argument shows that...• Обобщая данное рассуждение, видим, что... - By an extension of this argument it is seen that...• Однако из нашего рассуждения понятно, что... - However, it is clear from our discussion that...• По аналогии с предыдущими рассуждениями... - By analogy with our above discussion,...• Повторяя приведенное выше рассуждение, мы получаем... - By repeating the above argument we obtain...• Повторяя это рассуждение, мы обнаруживаем, что... - Repeating this argument, we find that...• Подобное же рассуждение покажет нам... - A similar argument will show that...• Подобное рассуждение доказало бы, что... - A similar argument would prove that...• Подобное рассуждение могло бы быть проведено, используя... - A similar argument may be made using...• Подобное рассуждение можно использовать, когда... - A similar argument can be used when...• Подобное рассуждение применяется в случае, когда а > 1. - A similar argument applies when a > 1.• Посмотрим, как это рассуждение может быть применено к... - Let us now see how this argument carries over to...• Предыдущее рассуждение требует некоторых дополнительных комментариев. - The foregoing reasoning requires some further comment.• Предыдущие рассуждения базируются на предположении... - The foregoing arguments rely on the assumption that...• Предыдущие рассуждения можно было бы с равным успехом приложить к... - The above considerations may be applied equally well to...• Приведенное здесь рассуждение игнорирует... - The argument given here ignores...• Рассуждение, приведенное в конце последней главы, показывает, что... - The argument at the end of the last chapter shows that...• Рассуждения Гильберта относительно этого уравнения показывают, что... - Hubert's discussion of this equation shows that...• Рассуждениями того же типа мы приходим к... - By the same sort of reasoning we are led to...• Рассуждениями, которые полностью аналогичны представленным в предыдущей главе, мы приходим к заключению, что... - By arguments that are completely analogous to those presented in the previous chapter we conclude that...• Следующее простое рассуждение может дать некоторое понимание... - The following simple reasoning may give some insight into...• Следующее рассуждение иллюстрирует метод... - The following treatment illustrates the method of...• Следуя рассуждениям Баутина, мы теперь можем легко показать... - Following the argument of Bautin we can now easily show that...• Сущностью этого рассуждения является то, что... - The essence of the argument is that...• Та же самая последовательность рассуждений говорит нам, что... - The same line of argument tells us that...• Рассуждения такого же типа доказывают следующий результат. - Arguments of the same type prove the following result.• Теперь мы построим строгую версию предыдущего рассуждения. - We shall now construct a rigorous version of the above argument.• То же самое рассуждение показывает, что... - The same reasoning shows that...• То же самое рассуждение применяется в/к... - The same argument applies to...• То же самое рассуждение четко показывает, что... - The same reasoning evidently shows that...• То же самое рассуждение, что и выше, показывает, что... - The same argument as above shows that...• Эта цепь рассуждений не выдерживает критики. - This chain of reasoning does not stand up under scrutiny.• Эти рассуждения диктуют, что... - These considerations dictate that...• Эти рассуждения наводят на мысль, что... - These considerations suggest that...• Эти рассуждения показывают нам, что... - These considerations show us that...• Эти рассуждения показывают, как мы можем... - These considerations show how we can...• Это нестрогое рассуждение приводит нас к... - This crude argument leads to...• Это обсуждение основывается на рассуждениях Кельвина [1]. - This discussion is based on that given by Kelvin [1].• Это ограничение не влияет на наши рассуждения. - This limitation does not concern us.• Это рассуждение может быть обосновано, если мы напишем... - This argument can be justified if we write...• Это рассуждение можно одинаково хорошо применить к... - The argument can be applied equally well to...• Это рассуждение подобно тому, что было использовано для установления... - The argument is similar to that used to establish...• Это рассуждение правильно лишь тогда, когда... - This argument is only correct when...• Это рассуждение, в основном, является распространением... - The argument is essentially an extension of... -
16 auxiliar
adj.auxiliary (gen) & (grammar).f. & m.1 assistant.auxiliar administrativo administrative assistantauxiliar de vuelo flight attendant2 auxiliary, helper, aide, assistant.3 attendant.m.auxiliary (grammar).v.to assist, to help.María socorre a los heridos Mary helps the wounded.* * *(i can be stressed or unstressed)Present Indicativeauxilio, auxilias, auxilia, auxiliamos, auxiliáis, auxilian.Present Subjunctiveauxilie, auxilies, auxilie, auxiliemos, auxiliéis, auxilien.Imperativeauxilia (tú), auxilie (él/Vd.), auxiliemos (nos.), auxiliad (vos.), auxilien (ellos/Vds.).* * *1. noun mf.assistant, helper2. adj.assistant, auxiliary3. verbto aid, help, assist* * *I1. ADJ1) (Univ) assistant antes de s2) (Ling) auxiliary3) [plantilla] ancillary2. SMF1) (=subordinado) assistantauxiliar de cabina — steward/stewardess
auxiliar de clínica, auxiliar de enfermería — auxiliary nurse, nursing auxiliary, nurse's aide (EEUU)
auxiliar de laboratorio — lab assistant, laboratory assistant
auxiliar de vuelo — steward/stewardess
auxiliar domiciliario — domestic, home help, home helper (EEUU)
2) (Univ)3) (Dep) linesman, assistant refereeIIauxiliar técnico — LAm (Dep) coach, trainer
VT1) (=ayudar) to help, assist; [+ agonizante] to attend2) (Pol etc) to aid, give aid to* * *Ia) < profesor> assistant (before n); <personal/elementos> auxiliary (before n)b) < servicios> auxiliaryc) (Tec) auxiliaryd) (Inf) peripheralIImasculino y femenino1) ( persona) assistant2) auxiliar masculino (RPl) (Auto) spare tireIIIverbo transitivoa) ( socorrer) to helpb) <moribundo/herido> to attend* * *Ia) < profesor> assistant (before n); <personal/elementos> auxiliary (before n)b) < servicios> auxiliaryc) (Tec) auxiliaryd) (Inf) peripheralIImasculino y femenino1) ( persona) assistant2) auxiliar masculino (RPl) (Auto) spare tireIIIverbo transitivoa) ( socorrer) to helpb) <moribundo/herido> to attend* * *auxiliar11 = aide, assistant, clerk, auxiliary.Nota: Nombre.Ex: They admitted that they did not evaluate their technicians and aides, and confirmed that increases were automatic and the same 'across-the-board'; superior performance was not rewarded, nor inferior performance punished.
Ex: His first library position was as an assistant in rare books at the University of Chicago.Ex: The cataloguer is expected to find to correct form and write it on a worksheet, so that it can be entered by the clerk doing the keypunching.Ex: Some I & R centres use auxiliaries to carry out escort work.* auxiliar administrativo = clerk-typist, clerical assistant, administrative assistant.* auxiliar común = common auxiliary.* auxiliar de biblioteca = library assistant, library technician, page, library aide, library orderly.* auxiliar dedicado a la ordenación de fichas = filing clerk.* auxiliar de préstamo = circulation clerk.* auxiliar de vuelo = flight attendant.* auxiliares de lugar = area table.* estudiante que trabaja como auxiliar = student assistant, student aid.* estudios de auxiliar administrativo = information administration.auxiliar22 = auxiliary, clerical, supporting, ancillary.Ex: This hierarchy shows a general subject area, buildings, and its subordinate subject areas: building materials, auxiliary construction practices, construction in specific materials, wood construction, roofing and soon.
Ex: Prior to computerisation of the production of catalogues and indexes considerable clerical effort was expended in filing index and catalogue cards.Ex: However, it doesn't take very long before the supporting machine file attains greater importance than the manual catalog.Ex: A number of ancillary factors about the development of knowledge can be examined such as the extent of self-citation and the evolution of concepts.* mesa auxiliar = side table.* mesita auxiliar = side table.* servicio auxiliar de apoyo familiar = respite care.* tablas auxiliares = auxiliary tables.auxiliar33 = succour [succor, -USA], aid, help.Ex: There are tens of thousands of hungry children in the world today and well-meant efforts are being made to succour them
.Ex: Although others aided in the compilation of the schedules they were essentially the work of one man.Ex: How can we help library users to gain confidence?.* * *2 ‹servicios› auxiliaryla tripulación auxiliar del avión the cabin crew on the aircraft3 ( Tec) auxiliary4 ( Inf) peripheralA1 (ayudante) assistantauxiliar de laboratorio laboratory assistant2 (funcionario) assistantCompuestos:administrative assistantflight attendantnurseBvt1 (socorrer) to help2 ‹moribundo› to attend* * *
auxiliar 1 adjetivo
‹personal/elementos› auxiliary ( before n)
c) (Tec) auxiliaryd) (Inf) peripheral
■ sustantivo masculino y femenino
b)◊ auxiliar sustantivo femenino (RPl) (Auto) spare tire
auxiliar 2 ( conjugate auxiliar) verbo transitivo
to help
auxiliar
1 adjetivo & mf auxiliary, assistant
II verbo transitivo to help, assist
' auxiliar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
ser
- ir
- haber
- no
- sobrecargo
English:
already
- also
- always
- ancillary
- auxiliary
- be
- can't
- cannot
- could
- dare
- do
- have
- let
- might
- must
- need
- never
- often
- ought
- practicing
- practising
- propose
- shall
- should
- so
- soon
- spotlight
- steward
- still
- will
- would
- assistant
- flight
- home
- instructor
- stewardess
* * *♦ adj1. [material] auxiliary;[mesa] occasional2. [personal] ancillary, auxiliary3. Gram auxiliary♦ nmfassistantauxiliar administrativo administrative assistant;auxiliar domiciliario, auxiliar de ayuda a domicilio, auxiliar de ayuda en el hogar [para cuidados personales] personal carer;[para tareas domésticas] home help;auxiliar de laboratorio lab assistant;auxiliar de vuelo flight attendant♦ nmGram auxiliary♦ nfRP [rueda de recambio] spare wheelauxiliar2 vt1. [socorrer] to assist, to help2. [moribundo] to attend* * *I adj1 auxiliary;verbo auxiliar auxiliary verb2 profesor assistant atrII m/f assistantAUTO spare wheelIV v/t help* * *auxiliar vt: to aid, to assistauxiliar adj: assistant, auxiliaryauxiliar nmf1) : assistant, helper2)auxiliar de vuelo : flight attendant* * * -
17 system
1) система; комплекс2) совокупность•- absolutely consistent system - absolutely direct indecomposable system - absolutely free system - absolutely irreducible system - absolutely isolated system - allowable coordinate system - almost linear system - ample linear system - artificial feel system - automatic block system - automatic deicing system - binary relational system - binary-coded decimal system - block tooling system - Cartesian coordinate system - completely controllable system - completely ergodic system - completely hyperbolic system - completely identifiable system - completely integrable system - completely irreducible system - completely regular system - completely stable system - completely stratified system - complex number system - conical coordinate system - derivational formal system - differential equation system - differential selsyn system - digital counting system - digital transmission system - elliptic coordinate system - elliptic cylindrical coordinate system - externally inconsistent system - finite state system - finitely axiomatizable system - finitely presented system - fully characteristic quotient system - fundamental system of solutions - hydraulic lift system - integrated switching system - isomorphically embedded system - kernel normal system - linearly dependent system - linearly independent system - live hydraulic system - locking protection system - meteor-burst communication system - modular programming system - parabolic cylindrical coordinate system - permanent four-wheel drive system - pure independent system - radio telephone system - reactor protection system - real number system - receiver-amplifier crioelectric system - remote-cylinder hydraulic system - semantically consistent system - simply consistent system - simply incomplete system - simply ordered system - spherical coordinate system - strongly multiplicative system - structurally stable system - sufficiently general coordinate system - system of frequency curves - system of rational numbers - time multiplex system - time-division multiplex system - uniformly complete system - univalent system of notation - universal system of notation - weakly closed system - weighted number system -
18 immo
immo, incorrectly written īmo [perh. sup. form from in, with ending mo; cf.: summus, primus; hence], on the contrary, no indeed, by no means, or yes indeed, by all means (more commonly contradicting or essentially qualifying what precedes; but never, like minime, as an independent negative, being regularly accompanied by a clause defining the meaning; v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 551).I.Lit.A.In gen.: Tr. Etiam fatetur de hospite? Th. Immo pernegat, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 19: An. Ubi? domin'? Ch. Immo apud libertum Discum, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 60: Do. Hae quid ad me? To. Immo ad te attinent, Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 27: De. Faciat, ut voles. Nau. Immo ejus judicio permitto omnia, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 54; id. Heaut. 4, 3, 28.—Esp., in a reply extending or amplifying the preceding thought (cf.: potius, quin potius): expedies? nempe ut modo? D. Immo melius spero, Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 22; Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 80: Si. Quid? hoc intellextin'? an nondum etiam ne hoc quidem? Da. Immo callide, Ter. And. 1, 2, 30:2.non igitur faciat, dixerit quis, quod utile sit, quod expediat? Immo intelligat nihil nec expedire nec utile esse, quod sit injustum,
Cic. Off. 3, 17, 76:causa igitur non bona est? Immo optima,
id. Att. 9, 7, 4; cf.:quem hominem? levem? immo gravissimum. Mobilem? immo constantissimum. Familiarem? immo alienissimum,
id. Rosc. Com. 16, 49; id. Att. 10, 12, 4: cum ille dixisset, se vero non exspectare;Immo, inquit, rogo exspectes,
Quint. 9, 3, 68:quid tu? Nullane habes vitia? Immo alia. Et fortasse minora?
Hor. S. 1, 3, 20; Plin. Pan. 36, 3.—So in retorting a question: Me. [p. 894] Quid apud hasce aedes negotii est tibi? So. Immo quid tibi'st? Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 194; id. Bacch. 2, 2, 29: Ph. An amabo meretrix illa est, quae illam sustulit? La. Immo meretrix fuit;sed ut sit, de ea re eloquar,
id. Cist. 2, 3, 22; cf. id. Most. 3, 2, 41: Si. Paucis te volo. So. Dictum puta: Nempe ut curentur recte haec. Si. Immo aliud, Ter. And. 1, 1, 2.—Strengthened by edepol, hercle, ecastor, vero, potius, etc.: Ol. Ecquid amas nunc me? St. Immo edepol me quam te minus, Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 19; id. Capt. 2, 1, 16: St. Quod bonum atque fortunatum mihi sit. Ol. Ita vero et mihi. Ch. Non. Ol. Immo hercle. Ch. Immo mihi hercle, id. Cas. 2, 6, 51; Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 5: Pa. Mala es. Ph. Immo ecastor, Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 33: Pa. Nescis, Parmeno, Quantum hodie profueris mihi, etc.... Par. Immo vero scio, neque hoc imprudens feci, Ter. Hec. 5, 4, 37:B.quid? si tyrannidem occupare, si patriam prodere conabitur pater: silebitne filius? Immo vero obsecrabit patrem, ne id faciat,
Cic. Off. 3, 23, 90; id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 1: Tr. Sub dio coli absque sole perpetuum diem. Si. Immo edepol vero, cum, etc., Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 79: Tr. Ecquid placent? Th. Ecquid placeant me rogas? immo hercle vero perplacent, id. ib. 4, 1, 4:senatus haec intelligit, consul videt: hic tamen vivit. Vivit? immo vero etiam in senatum venit,
Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 2; id. Att. 12, 43, 1: De. Juben' hanc hinc abscedere? Ph. Immo intus potius, Plaut. As. 5, 2, 89:immo hercle abiero potius,
id. Bacch. 2, 2, 33:sed vos nihilne attulistis inde auri domum? Immo etiam,
id. ib. 2, 3, 82:immo etiam,
id. Mil. 4, 2, 23; Ter. And. 4, 1, 46:immo vero etiam, v. above: immo est quoque,
Plaut. Bacch. 4, 8, 51:an infirmissimi omnium tamquam, quos nuper subjecit, Dolopes? Immo contra ea, etc.,
Liv. 41, 24, 8:immo contra,
Dig. 33, 7, 5; 38, 2, 51; 41, 3, 49.—In partic.1.As an expression of dislike or surprise (ante-class.): Ch. Verum vis dicam? Da. Immo etiam Narrationis incipit mihi initium, no indeed! now he is going to begin a long story, Ter. And. 4, 2, 25:2.idne est verum? immo id est genus hominum pessimum,
id. ib. 4, 1, 5: Pe. Euge, euge, lepide: laudo commentum tuum. Pa. Ut, si illanc concriminatus sit advorsum Militem, etc.... Pe. Immo optume, no! capital! Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 86.—Immo si scias or immo si audias, if you only knew, had only heard, intimating that such is not the case (ante-class.):II.immo si scias,
Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 42: St. Scelestissimum Me esse credo. Pa. Immo si scias dicta, quae dixit hodie, id. Cas. 3, 5, 35; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 64: Ly. Bene hercle factum et gaudeo. De. Immo si scias, Plaut. Merc. 2, 2, 27;so ellipt.,
id. Ps. 2, 4, 59; Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 38:immo si audias Meas pugnas, fugias demissis manibus domum,
Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 15.—Transf. (perh. not before the Aug. period), for vel potius, in the middle of a sentence, to correct or add emphasis to what has been said, nay rather; nay, I should rather say:► Rarely after a word in the clause (first in Livy):immo ita sit,
nay, Ov. M. 7, 512:simulacra deum, deos immo ipsos convulsos ex sedibus suis ablatos esse,
Liv. 48, 43, 6:ipse aliquid, immo multa quotidie dicat,
Quint. 2, 2, 8; 6, 2, 10; Plin. Pan. 85, 5:qui pauculis diebus gestum consulatum, immo non gestum abiciebant per edictum,
id. ib. 65, 3:nihil causae est, cur non illam vocis modulationem fidibus ac tibiis, immo hercle, cymbalis adjuvemus,
Quint. 11, 2, 59; Curt. 4, 1:immo vero,
Plin. 34, 1, 1, § 1.—In forming a climax:quanta verborum nobis paupertas, immo egestas sit,
Sen. Ep. 58:Agrippinam nihilo tractabiliorem, immo in dies amentiorem,
Suet. Aug. 65; Plin. Pan. 23, 2.nihil immo,
Liv.35, 49, 13:non immo,
Quint. 11, 1, 50; cf.:non habet immo suum,
Mart. 6, 94, 4:vivit immo vigetque,
Liv. 39, 40, 7:statueretur immo,
Tac. A. 12, 6:frueretur immo his,
id. ib. 11, 30:quaedam immo virtutes,
id. ib. 15, 21:illos quin immo,
id. Or. 6; cf.:ipsam quin immo curam,
id. ib. 39:quin immo,
Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 3; Quint. 1, 1, 31; 12, 11, 27; 7, 10, 8. -
19 materially
1. adv существенно, значительно, существенным образом2. adv материально, вещественно3. adv по существу, фактическиto be formally correct but materially false — быть формально правильным, а по существу ложным
Синонимический ряд:1. corporeally (other) corporeally; grossly; objectively; phenomenally; physically; sensibly; tangibly2. extensively (other) consequentially; considerably; essentially; extensively; importantly; in reality; mainly; meaningfully; significantly; solidly; substantially; to a large extent; weightily3. relevantly (other) appositely; germanely; pertinently; relevantly -
20 Language
Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)[A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling itSolving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into anotherLANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own LanguageThe forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)[It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human InteractionLanguage cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
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